{"id":198741,"date":"2024-06-11T07:15:14","date_gmt":"2024-06-11T05:15:14","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/dievolkswirtschaft.ch\/?p=198741"},"modified":"2024-06-11T13:41:41","modified_gmt":"2024-06-11T11:41:41","slug":"les-frontieres-disputees-de-letat-social-une-retrospective-historique","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/dievolkswirtschaft.ch\/fr\/2024\/06\/les-frontieres-disputees-de-letat-social-une-retrospective-historique\/","title":{"rendered":"Les fronti\u00e8res disput\u00e9es de \u00abl\u2019\u00c9tat social\u00bb: une r\u00e9trospective historique"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>En 1899, le pasteur socialiste zurichois Paul Pfl\u00fcger, l\u2019une des grandes figures de la gauche du d\u00e9but du XX<sup>e<\/sup>\u00a0si\u00e8cle, publie un livre intitul\u00e9 <em>L\u2019\u00c9tat social suisse<\/em>. <em>Un panorama de la situation en 1950<\/em>. Il y expose sa vision id\u00e9ale de la Suisse du futur. Selon lui, \u00abl\u2019\u00c9tat social\u00bb offrira d\u2019ici un demi-si\u00e8cle (soit en 1950) des prestations sociales \u00e9tendues fournies par l\u2019\u00c9tat f\u00e9d\u00e9ral ainsi que, de mani\u00e8re subsidiaire, par des mutuelles et des coop\u00e9ratives n\u2019ob\u00e9issant pas \u00e0 la logique du profit.<\/p>\n<p>Les \u00e9crits de Paul Pfl\u00fcger s\u2019inscrivent dans les d\u00e9bats hom\u00e9riques qui agitent alors la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 suisse sur les r\u00e9ponses \u00e0 donner \u00e0 la \u00abquestion sociale\u00bb, \u00e0 savoir les effets de la g\u00e9n\u00e9ralisation du salariat dans une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 impact\u00e9e par le capitalisme industriel. Outre une prosp\u00e9rit\u00e9 et une croissance sans pr\u00e9c\u00e9dent, l\u2019industrialisation am\u00e8ne son lot de probl\u00e8mes: dans le sillage des in\u00e9galit\u00e9s sociales et de la pauvret\u00e9, \u00e9mergent de nouveaux risques sociaux li\u00e9s \u00e0 la perte de revenus en cas d\u2019accident et d\u2019invalidit\u00e9, de maladie ou de ch\u00f4mage. Sans compter la question lancinante de la prise en charge des travailleurs \u00e2g\u00e9s lorsqu\u2019ils sortent du salariat, perdant ainsi leurs revenus.<\/p>\n<h2 class=\"text__graphic-title\">Des assurances sociales largement entre des mains priv\u00e9es<\/h2>\n<p>Les diff\u00e9rents r\u00e9gimes d\u2019assurances sociales mis sur pied en Suisse au cours du XX<sup>e<\/sup>\u00a0si\u00e8cle constituent autant de r\u00e9ponses \u00e0 ces probl\u00e8mes. Mais ni leur fonctionnement, ni leur financement ne correspondent \u00e0 la vision \u00e9tatiste et solidariste de Paul Pfl\u00fcger. L\u2019\u00c9tat f\u00e9d\u00e9ral a certes \u00e9dict\u00e9 des lois qui encadrent ces r\u00e9gimes et d\u00e9finissent leurs sources de financement, mais les institutions qui portent les assurances sociales sont tout sauf \u00e9tatiques<a href=\"#footnote_1\" id=\"footnote-anchor_1\" class=\"inline-footnote__anchor\">[1]<\/a>. Prenons l\u2019exemple de l\u2019assurance-accidents: si la Caisse nationale suisse d\u2019assurance en cas d\u2019accidents (Suva\/CNA) est un organisme tripartite regroupant patrons, syndicats et la Conf\u00e9d\u00e9ration, de vastes pans de l\u2019assurance-accidents restent entre les mains de compagnies d\u2019assurance commerciales (aujourd\u2019hui: Zurich, AXA Winterthur, Helsana ou encore Generali). Ces derni\u00e8res sont \u00e9galement actives depuis un si\u00e8cle \u2013 aux c\u00f4t\u00e9s des caisses g\u00e9r\u00e9es par les employeurs \u2013 dans le domaine de la pr\u00e9voyance vieillesse, l\u2019actuel deuxi\u00e8me pilier. Organis\u00e9es initialement selon le principe du mutualisme, les caisses d\u2019assurance-maladie appartiennent d\u00e9sormais au secteur de l\u2019assurance priv\u00e9e. Finalement, les caisses de l\u2019assurance ch\u00f4mage sont les seules au sein desquelles les syndicats jouent un r\u00f4le pr\u00e9pond\u00e9rant. Quant aux assurances sociales f\u00e9d\u00e9rales dans le domaine de la vieillesse (assurance-vieillesse, survivants, AVS), de l\u2019invalidit\u00e9 (AI) ou de la compensation de la perte de gain (APG) pour les soldats, les m\u00e8res ou les ind\u00e9pendants touch\u00e9s par la pand\u00e9mie de Covid-19, leurs flux de financement transitent par des caisses de compensation fond\u00e9es et contr\u00f4l\u00e9es par les organisations patronales<a href=\"#footnote_2\" id=\"footnote-anchor_2\" class=\"inline-footnote__anchor\">[2]<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>Nous sommes donc \u00e0 des lieues de l\u2019\u00ab\u00c9tat social suisse\u00bb tel que Paul Pfl\u00fcger l\u2019imaginait en 1899. Selon la d\u00e9finition de l\u2019Office f\u00e9d\u00e9ral des assurances sociales (Ofas), l\u2019actuel syst\u00e8me de s\u00e9curit\u00e9 sociale recouvre sept domaines (pr\u00e9voyance vieillesse; couverture d&#8217;assurance en cas de maladie, d\u2019invalidit\u00e9 et d&#8217;accident; allocations pour perte de gain en cas de service et de maternit\u00e9; assurance-ch\u00f4mage et enfin allocations familiales) et d\u00e9signe \u00abl\u2019ensemble des mesures prises par des institutions publiques ou priv\u00e9es pour prot\u00e9ger les personnes et les m\u00e9nages contre certains risques sociaux et pour assurer leur subsistance\u00bb. Les luttes constantes autour de la d\u00e9finition des fronti\u00e8res entre les pr\u00e9rogatives de l\u2019\u00c9tat et celles d\u00e9vou\u00e9es au secteur priv\u00e9 constituent ainsi une ligne de force de l\u2019histoire des politiques sociales. Au vu de leur r\u00f4le pr\u00e9pond\u00e9rant dans la politique suisse, le patronat et les int\u00e9r\u00eats priv\u00e9s ont ainsi profond\u00e9ment structur\u00e9 la s\u00e9curit\u00e9 sociale<a href=\"#footnote_3\" id=\"footnote-anchor_3\" class=\"inline-footnote__anchor\">[3]<\/a>.<\/p>\n<h2 class=\"text__graphic-title\">Des d\u00e9penses sociales \u00e9lev\u00e9es mais pas \u00ab\u00e9tatiques\u00bb<\/h2>\n<p>Le syst\u00e8me suisse de s\u00e9curit\u00e9 sociale est un ensemble complexe qui n\u00e9cessite d\u2019importants moyens financiers. Les d\u00e9penses totales des diff\u00e9rentes branches de la s\u00e9curit\u00e9 sociale ont cr\u00fb de mani\u00e8re spectaculaire au cours du XX<sup>e<\/sup>\u00a0si\u00e8cle (voir <em>illustration<\/em>): en pourcentage du produit int\u00e9rieur brut (PIB), elles ont doubl\u00e9 \u00e0 chaque g\u00e9n\u00e9ration depuis 1925, voire tripl\u00e9 entre 1950 et 1975. Depuis le d\u00e9but du XXI<sup>e<\/sup>\u00a0si\u00e8cle, la situation a cependant chang\u00e9: hormis un pic r\u00e9cent li\u00e9 aux aides d\u2019urgence distribu\u00e9es par le biais de l\u2019assurance-ch\u00f4mage et des APG durant l\u2019\u00e9pid\u00e9mie de Covid-19, les d\u00e9penses des assurances sociales se sont stabilis\u00e9es \u00e0 un niveau atteignant environ 20% \u00e0 25% du PIB. Depuis des d\u00e9cennies, les quatre cinqui\u00e8mes de ces d\u00e9penses sont li\u00e9es aux deux premiers piliers du syst\u00e8me de retraite-vieillesse (AVS et pr\u00e9voyance professionnelle) et \u00e0 l\u2019assurance obligatoire de couverture des soins en cas de maladie.<\/p>\n<p>Qui finance les d\u00e9penses sociales en Suisse? Ce n\u2019est en tout cas pas l\u2019\u00c9tat puisque, depuis 1987, les contributions f\u00e9d\u00e9rales \u00e0 l\u2019ensemble de ces r\u00e9gimes ne repr\u00e9sentent que 14% environ des d\u00e9penses totales, tandis que 13% proviennent du rendement des capitaux (un \u00e9l\u00e9ment essentiel pour le financement du deuxi\u00e8me pilier) et que plus de 70% sont financ\u00e9es par les cotisations salariales.<\/p>\n<h2 class=\"text__graphic-title\">Stabilisation des d\u00e9penses sociales depuis le d\u00e9but du XXI<sup>e<\/sup> si\u00e8cle<\/h2>\n<div class=\"chart chart--normal\" id=\"Leimgruber-2024-6_FR\"><\/div>\n<script>\n$(function () {\n    $('#Leimgruber-2024-6_FR').highcharts({\n   chart: {\n        type: 'area'\n    },\n    title: {\n        text: '',\n        align: 'left'\n    },\n    subtitle: {\n        text: '',\n        align: 'left'\n    },\n    yAxis: {\n        title: {\n            useHTML: true,\n            text: 'D\u00e9penses des principaux r\u00e9gimes 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Source: Office f\u00e9d\u00e9ral de la statistique (OFS) \/ Compte global des assurances sociales \/ La Vie \u00e9conomique.<\/div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Il y a vingt ans, Peter Hasler, le patron des patrons suisses, s\u2019inqui\u00e9tait du niveau des d\u00e9penses sociales en Suisse. \u00c9voquant une divinit\u00e9 antique li\u00e9e au sacrifice des enfants par le feu, il d\u00e9peignait de mani\u00e8re alarmiste un v\u00e9ritable \u00abMoloch social\u00bb qui d\u00e9vorait une part toujours plus grande de la richesse produite et qui, si on n\u2019y mettait pas le hol\u00e0, risquait de mettre en danger la prosp\u00e9rit\u00e9 m\u00eame du pays<a href=\"#footnote_4\" id=\"footnote-anchor_4\" class=\"inline-footnote__anchor\">[4]<\/a>. Temp\u00eatant contre les exc\u00e8s d\u2019un suppos\u00e9 \u00ab\u00c9tat social\u00bb, cette critique lib\u00e9rale repose sur une vision caricaturale de la s\u00e9curit\u00e9 sociale. Les discours r\u00e9currents sur le \u00abpoids\u00bb insupportable des d\u00e9penses sociales ne font pas seulement l\u2019impasse sur le r\u00f4le cl\u00e9 des assurances sociales pour encadrer et accompagner le d\u00e9veloppement du capitalisme: ils passent \u00e9galement sous silence le fait que des pans essentiels de la s\u00e9curit\u00e9 sociale, tels que la pr\u00e9voyance vieillesse ou l\u2019assurance maladie, sont aussi des march\u00e9s dont profite le secteur priv\u00e9.<\/p>\n<ol class=\"footnote\"><li id=\"footnote_1\" class=\"footnote--item\">De plus amples informations sur l\u2019histoire de la s\u00e9curit\u00e9 sociale en Suisse sont disponibles sur le site internet: <a href=\"http:\/\/histoiredelasecuritesociale.ch\">histoiredelasecuritesociale.ch<\/a>.&nbsp;<a href=\"#footnote-anchor_1\" class=\"inline-footnote__anchor hidden-print\">[<span class=\"icon-arrow-up\"><\/span>]<\/a><\/li><li id=\"footnote_2\" class=\"footnote--item\">Voir Eichenberger (2016).&nbsp;<a href=\"#footnote-anchor_2\" class=\"inline-footnote__anchor hidden-print\">[<span class=\"icon-arrow-up\"><\/span>]<\/a><\/li><li id=\"footnote_3\" class=\"footnote--item\">Voir Leimgruber (2008) ainsi que Eichenberger et Leimgruber (2019).&nbsp;<a href=\"#footnote-anchor_3\" class=\"inline-footnote__anchor hidden-print\">[<span class=\"icon-arrow-up\"><\/span>]<\/a><\/li><li id=\"footnote_4\" class=\"footnote--item\">Hasler P. (2004). <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nzz.ch\/article9GWGM-ld.294319\">\u00abSozialpolitik im Kreuzfeuer. Diskussion grundlegenden Fragen zur Zukunft\u00bb<\/a>, Neue Z\u00fcrcher Zeitung (NZZ), 18 mars.&nbsp;<a href=\"#footnote-anchor_4\" class=\"inline-footnote__anchor hidden-print\">[<span class=\"icon-arrow-up\"><\/span>]<\/a><\/li><\/ol>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>En 1899, le pasteur socialiste zurichois Paul Pfl\u00fcger, l\u2019une des grandes figures de la gauche du d\u00e9but du XXe\u00a0si\u00e8cle, publie un livre intitul\u00e9 L\u2019\u00c9tat social suisse. Un panorama de la situation en 1950. Il y expose sa vision id\u00e9ale de la Suisse du futur. Selon lui, \u00abl\u2019\u00c9tat social\u00bb offrira d\u2019ici un demi-si\u00e8cle (soit en 1950) [&hellip;]<\/p>","protected":false},"author":11989,"featured_media":199927,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"om_disable_all_campaigns":false,"ep_exclude_from_search":false,"footnotes":""},"post__type":[81,83],"post_opinion":[],"post_serie":[],"post_content_category":[105],"post_content_subject":[141,220],"acf":{"seco_author":11989,"seco_co_author":"","author_override":"","seco_author_post_ocupation_year":"","seco_author_post_occupation_de":"Professor f\u00fcr Geschichte der Neuzeit, Universit\u00e4t Z\u00fcrich","seco_author_post_occupation_fr":"Professeur d\u2019histoire contemporaine, Universit\u00e9 de Zurich","seco_co_authors_post_ocupation":null,"short_title":"","post_lead":"D\u00e8s la fin du XIX<sup>e<\/sup> si\u00e8cle, l'industrialisation a pouss\u00e9 les \u00c9tats \u00e0 mettre en place un syst\u00e8me d\u2019assurances sociales. En Suisse, ce syst\u00e8me demeure profond\u00e9ment influenc\u00e9 par des logiques priv\u00e9es.","post_hero_image_description":"Les assurances sociales sont n\u00e9es avec l\u2019industrialisation. Un employ\u00e9 d\u2019une usine de pansements suisse, en 1946.","post_hero_image_description_copyright_de":"","post_hero_image_description_copyright_fr":"Keystone","post_references_literature":"<ul>\r\n \t<li class=\"content-copy\">Eichenberger P. (2016). <a href=\"https:\/\/www.alphil.com\/livres\/611-mainmise-sur-l-etat-social.html\">Mainmise sur l\u2019\u00c9tat social. Mobilisation patronale et caisses de compensation en Suisse (1908-1960)<\/a>, Neuch\u00e2tel: Alphil.<\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"content-copy\">Eichenberger P. et Leimgruber M. (2019). <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4324\/9781351002394-4\">Business and social policy development in Switzerland, 1880-1990.<\/a> In: Oude Nijhuis Dennie (ed.), Business interests and the development of the modern welfare state, Abingdon\/New York: Routledge, 84-109.<\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"content-copy\">Leimgruber M. (2008). <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/CBO9780511497094\">Solidarity without the state? Business and the shaping of the Swiss welfare state, 1890-2000,<\/a> Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>","post_kasten":null,"post_notes_for_print":"","first_teaser_header_de":"","first_teaser_header_fr":"","first_teaser_text_de":"","first_teaser_text_fr":"","second_teaser_header_de":"","second_teaser_header_fr":"","second_teaser_text_de":"","second_teaser_text_fr":"","kseason_de":"","kseason_fr":"","post_in_pdf":"","main_focus":[199217,199215],"serie_email":null,"frontpage_slider_bild":"","artikel_bild-slider":null,"legacy_id":"","post_abstract":"","magazine_issue":null,"seco_author_reccomended_post":"","redaktoren":"","korrektor":"","planned_publication_date":"2024-06-11 05:15:58","original_files":null,"external_release_for_author":"20240530","external_release_for_author_time":"00:05:00","link_for_external_authors":"https:\/\/dievolkswirtschaft.ch\/fr\/exedit\/6633bc4f22b75"},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/dievolkswirtschaft.ch\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/198741"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/dievolkswirtschaft.ch\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/dievolkswirtschaft.ch\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/dievolkswirtschaft.ch\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/11989"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/dievolkswirtschaft.ch\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=198741"}],"version-history":[{"count":21,"href":"https:\/\/dievolkswirtschaft.ch\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/198741\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":199967,"href":"https:\/\/dievolkswirtschaft.ch\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/198741\/revisions\/199967"}],"acf:post":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/dievolkswirtschaft.ch\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/main_focus_post\/199215"},{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/dievolkswirtschaft.ch\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/main_focus_post\/199217"}],"acf:user":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/dievolkswirtschaft.ch\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/11989"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/dievolkswirtschaft.ch\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/199927"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/dievolkswirtschaft.ch\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=198741"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"post__type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/dievolkswirtschaft.ch\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/post__type?post=198741"},{"taxonomy":"post_opinion","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/dievolkswirtschaft.ch\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/post_opinion?post=198741"},{"taxonomy":"post_serie","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/dievolkswirtschaft.ch\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/post_serie?post=198741"},{"taxonomy":"post_content_category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/dievolkswirtschaft.ch\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/post_content_category?post=198741"},{"taxonomy":"post_content_subject","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/dievolkswirtschaft.ch\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/post_content_subject?post=198741"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}